1. Purpose of Chemical Dosing
In cooling towers, certain problems arise because the water is in continuous circulation:
- Scaling: Accumulation of calcium and magnesium salts in the water in pipes and heat exchangers.
- Biological growth: Proliferation of algae, bacteria, and fungi. Especially the risk of Legionella.
- Corrosion: Rusting and wear of metal surfaces.
Chemical dosing is performed to prevent these problems and maintain system efficiency.
2. Chemicals Used
-
Anti-corrosion agents:
- Phosphates, silicates, nitric acid derivatives
- Purpose: To form a protective film on the metal surface
-
Anti-scalant:
- Polyphosphates or organic inhibitors
- Purpose: To prevent the accumulation of calcium carbonate and other salts
-
Biocides (microbial control):
- Chlorine, bromine, glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds
- Purpose: To prevent the formation of bacteria and algae
-
pH adjusters:
- NaOH or acidic solutions
- Purpose: To keep water chemistry within the desired pH range
3. Dosing Methods
- Fixed dosing: Chemical is delivered at a constant rate. Suitable for simple systems.
- Automatic dosing: Dosing is done automatically based on pH, conductivity, or corrosion measurements.
-
Continuous or periodic dosing:
- Continuous: System runs without interruption, and chemical is added continuously.
- Periodic: Chemical is added at specific time intervals.
4. Monitoring and Control
- pH measurement: Generally targeted between 7–9.
- Conductivity and alkalinity control: To monitor water hardness and mineral density.
- Corrosion and scaling control: Regular visual and measurement checks on pipes and surfaces.
- Biological analysis: Periodic tests to determine Legionella and microbial density.
5. Recommendations
- The chemical dosing system should be automatic and continuously monitored.
- Circulation and flow measurement in the tower water should be performed regularly.
- Compatible and safe storage of chemicals is essential.
- Periodic maintenance and record-keeping allow for early detection of potential problems.
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